![]() ![]() However, in beta-blocker poisoning where symptomatic bradycardia and hypotension are present, high-dose glucagon is considered the first-line antidote. Therapies include beta-agonists, glucagon, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Poisoning by CCBs is characterized by cardiovascular toxicity with hypotension and conduction disturbances, including sinus bradycardia and varying degrees of atrioventricular block. The common feature of beta-blocker toxicity is excessive blockade of the beta-receptors resulting in bradycardia and hypotension. In overdose, beta-blockers and CCBs have similar presentation and treatment overlaps and are often refractory to standard resuscitation measures. Beta-blockers and CCBs represent the most important classes of cardiovascular drugs. Overdoses with cardiovascular drugs are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The toxic effects and treatment of beta-adrenergic blocker and calcium-channel blocker (CCB) overdose are reviewed. ![]()
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